Etymology
The origin of the word is uncertain. One line of theory maintains that khartoum derives from Arabic kartūm الخرطوم meaning 'end of an elephant’s trunk', probably referring to the narrow strip of land extending between the Blue and White Niles. Captain J. A. Grant, who reached Khartoum in 1863 with Captain Speke’s expedition, thought that the derivation was most probably from the Arabic qurtum, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), which was cultivated extensively in Egypt for its oil, used in burning.
Arbab Allaquad (1620-1705)
Khartoum was established in the early 17th centuries by a man named Arbab (Ahmed; real name) Allaquad. Arbab Allaquad was born in 1620. He belonged to a tribe called Al-Mahas (المحس) located on Tuti (توتى) Island. (The Tribe was called Al-Mahas because the leader was called Mohamed Mahas; Arbab's grandfather.) Tuti Island is located at the end of the Blue Nile (Longest River in the world.) When Arbab was 10 years old he memorized the whole Quran, and then went to go study the knowledge of the Quran. Arbab later studied Al-Allaquda (The Believe.) He became brilliant of the study of Allaquda and became known as "Allaquad". He then became known as Arbab; meaning Lords of Aquad (Best in the Field.) Arbab also had a second nickname called "Keshen" (خشن) meaning dry, wrinkly; because he would perform wudu too much.
In the year 1691, Arbab crossed the Blue Nile to the Southern Bay which is now called Khartoum, the Capital of Sudan. He stayed on a place which is now known as the Headquarters of Ministers Assembly (Like the White House). No one was there except fisherman who came seasonally. Khartoum was basically a forest and when it flooded it covered a huge piece of the land. Arbab started to establish a small mosque and a school (Campas) to study Quran and students became increasing by the thousands.
The Mosque Arbab built was destroyed twice but was rebuilt by the Egyptian Ruler Farouq (فاروك) The King of Egypt at that time, and was called Farouq Mosque. Now the Mosque is called Allaquad Mosque.
When Arbab became 85 he stopped teaching. He died in 1705.
Arbab wrote many books of Aquada and became known as a Sheik. None of his books were copied. His most famous book called "The Diamonds of Pillars of Faith" has published 26 copies in Paris, France and 2 copies in Singar, West Africa. Arbab was married in a small town called Albashakira to Muhama Bin Ali, he had 3 boys and two girls. The youngest son was Mohammed.
Arbab Allaquad's influence was widespread and he attracted hundreds of students. His Family continued the schools. One of Arbab's Students was Sheik Hamad, who established Omdurman, Sudan.
Arbab Allaquad is well known in Africa but thanks to his Great Grand grandsons( MOHAMMED, AHMED,KHALID,OSAMA,DORIA, HUDA, ASIM,)in Sudan & (KHALIL, ISMAIL, ASIM, and OMER ELRAYAH) he is getting acknowledge in America Today.
Modern history (20th–21st centuries)
In 1973, the city was the site of an anomalous hostage crisis in which members of Black September held ten hostages at the Saudi Arabian embassy, five of whom were diplomats. The USambassador, the US deputy ambassador, and the Belgian chargé d'affaires were murdered. The remaining hostages were released (see 1973 Khartoum diplomatic assassinations). A 1973United States Department of State document, declassified in 2006, concluded "The Khartoum operation was planned and carried out with the full knowledge and personal approval of Yasser Arafat."
The first oil pipeline between Khartoum and Port Sudan was completed in 1977.
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Khartoum was the destination for hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing conflicts in neighbouring nations such as Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Uganda. Many Eritrean and Ethiopian refugees assimilated into society, while some of the other refugees settled in large slums at the outskirts of the city. From the mid-1980s onward, large numbers ofSouth Sudanese and Darfuri internally displaced from the violence of the Second Sudanese Civil War and Darfur conflict have settled around Khartoum.
In 1991, Osama bin Laden purchased a house in the affluent al-Riyadh neighborhood of the city and another in Soba. He lived there until 1996 when he was banished from the country. Following the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings, the United States accused bin Laden's al-Qaeda group of responsibility and launched cruise missile attacks (20 August) on the al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum North. The destruction of the factory produced diplomatic tension between the U.S. and Sudan. The ruins of the factory are a tourist attraction.
After the sudden death of SPLA head and vice-president of Sudan John Garang at the end of July 2005, there were violent riots in the capital for three days which died down after Southern Sudanese politicians and tribal leaders sent strong messages to the rioters. The situation could have been chaotic with mass killings and reprisals; even so, the death toll was at least 24, as youths from southern Sudan attacked northern Sudanese and clashed with security forces.
The Organisation of African Unity summit of 18–22 July 1978 was held in Khartoum, during which Sudan was awarded the OAU presidency. The African Union summit of 16–24 January 2006 was held in Khartoum.
The Arab League summit of 28–29 March 2006 was held in Khartoum, during which the Arab League awarded Sudan the Arab League presidency.
On 10 May 2008 the Darfur rebel group of the Justice and Equality Movement moved into the city where they engaged in heavy fighting with Sudanese government forces. Their soldiers included minors and their goal was the toppling of Omar Hassan al-Bashir's government, though the Sudanese government succeeded in beating back the assault.
On 23 October 2012 an explosion at the Yarmouk munitions factory kills two people and injures another person. The Sudanese government claims the explosion is the result of an Israeli airstrike.
In 1973, the city was the site of an anomalous hostage crisis in which members of Black September held ten hostages at the Saudi Arabian embassy, five of whom were diplomats. The USambassador, the US deputy ambassador, and the Belgian chargé d'affaires were murdered. The remaining hostages were released (see 1973 Khartoum diplomatic assassinations). A 1973United States Department of State document, declassified in 2006, concluded "The Khartoum operation was planned and carried out with the full knowledge and personal approval of Yasser Arafat."
The first oil pipeline between Khartoum and Port Sudan was completed in 1977.
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Khartoum was the destination for hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing conflicts in neighbouring nations such as Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Uganda. Many Eritrean and Ethiopian refugees assimilated into society, while some of the other refugees settled in large slums at the outskirts of the city. From the mid-1980s onward, large numbers ofSouth Sudanese and Darfuri internally displaced from the violence of the Second Sudanese Civil War and Darfur conflict have settled around Khartoum.
In 1991, Osama bin Laden purchased a house in the affluent al-Riyadh neighborhood of the city and another in Soba. He lived there until 1996 when he was banished from the country. Following the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings, the United States accused bin Laden's al-Qaeda group of responsibility and launched cruise missile attacks (20 August) on the al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum North. The destruction of the factory produced diplomatic tension between the U.S. and Sudan. The ruins of the factory are a tourist attraction.
After the sudden death of SPLA head and vice-president of Sudan John Garang at the end of July 2005, there were violent riots in the capital for three days which died down after Southern Sudanese politicians and tribal leaders sent strong messages to the rioters. The situation could have been chaotic with mass killings and reprisals; even so, the death toll was at least 24, as youths from southern Sudan attacked northern Sudanese and clashed with security forces.
The Organisation of African Unity summit of 18–22 July 1978 was held in Khartoum, during which Sudan was awarded the OAU presidency. The African Union summit of 16–24 January 2006 was held in Khartoum.
The Arab League summit of 28–29 March 2006 was held in Khartoum, during which the Arab League awarded Sudan the Arab League presidency.
On 10 May 2008 the Darfur rebel group of the Justice and Equality Movement moved into the city where they engaged in heavy fighting with Sudanese government forces. Their soldiers included minors and their goal was the toppling of Omar Hassan al-Bashir's government, though the Sudanese government succeeded in beating back the assault.
On 23 October 2012 an explosion at the Yarmouk munitions factory kills two people and injures another person. The Sudanese government claims the explosion is the result of an Israeli airstrike.
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